Petroglyphs Ethnobotany of the Middle Columbia River Native Americans

Fibers, textiles, and building materials
Plant list     Intro     Patterns of subsistence     Caretakers of the land
Fibers, textiles and building materials     Traditional knowledge and the future     Current issues and links    
The dwellings of people for most of prehistory are pit houses. The house was built in a round pit two to three feet deep usually 8 to 14 feet wide. Beams made from branches supported the dome-shaped walls and roof, which was a covering of tule mats (Scirpus spp.). In cooler weather many layers of mats could be added for extra insulation. Temporary housing while traveling included caves, and dome shaped tents covered with tule mats or sheets of bark from trees.

Remains of a pit house today- green circle is the dug out pit that the house was built on
Baskets were important for carrying and processing foods. Some baskets were so tightly woven that water could held and boiled in them. Commonly, baskets were woven from the roots of Red Cedar (Thuja plicata). The large basket shown to the right is called a burden basket, and was used to carry large quantities of food or firewood. The outside of the basket is decorated using a technique called imbrication which hides the underlying material that gives the basket its' shape and strength. Prunus emarginata was used in imbrication for a reddish color, and other materials were often dyed to obtain a variety of colors to use in the design.

Birch bark (Betula spp.) was used to sew baskets, and was also used for temporary containers and canoe bailers.

Rope and twine of various sorts were important for many uses including fishing nets. Apocynum cannabinum was used extensively for cordage, as was a variety of willow species (Salix spp.). Engelmann's Spruce (Picea engelmannii) roots and bark were also shredded and used for twine and rope.

Larger basket is a burden basket, made for carrying large quantities of food or materials. Next to the smaller basket is a sample of bitterroot that has been processed: the roots were scraped of the outer skin (the really bitter part of the plant), then the roots were split and dried. Roots can be stored in this dry state for a very long time, and reconstitued with water when needed.



N E X T